ISTILAH YUNANI DAN LATIN DALAM KIMIA

Sebaiknya kita mengenal beberapa istilah Yunani ataupun Latin yang sringkali kita gunakan dalam bekajar ilmu kimia. Misalnya : mono- uni- satu, di- bi- dua, tri- ter- tiga

tetra- quadri- empat
penta- quinti- lima
hexa- sexti- enam
hepta- septi- tujuh
octa- octi- delapan
nona- novi- sembilan
deca- deci- sepuluh
hemi- semi- setengah
hecto- centi- seratus
kilo- milli- seribu
poly- multi- banyak
pan- omni- semua
macro- maxi- besar
micro- mini- kecil
a- non- tidak
an- in-(un-) bukan
amphi- ambi- dua-duanya
iso- equi- sama
hyper- super- atas
hypo- sub- bawah
endo- intra- dalam
exo- extra- luar
ortho- cis- dekat
para- ultra- seberang
peri- circum- keliling
dia- trans- melalui
pra- pre- sebelum
meta- post- setelah
ana- pro- maju, pergi
cata- re- mundur, kembali
syn- co- bersama-sama
anti- contra- lawan
dis- de- hilang
hydro- aqua- air


AWALAN-AWALAN SATUAN

10(1) deka (da)
10(2) hekto (h)
10(3) kilo (k)
10(6) mega (M)
10(9) giga (G)
10(12) tera (T)
10(15) peta (P)
10(18) exa (E)
10(21) zetta (Z)
10(24) yotta (Y)

10(-1) deci (d)
10(-2) centi (c)
10(-3) milli (m)
10(-6) micro (m)
10(-9) nano (n)
10(-12) pico (p)
10(-15) femto (f)
10(-18) atto (a)
10(-21) zepto (z)
10(-24) yocto (y

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ISTILAH-ISTILAH PENTING DALAM KIMIA

agen pengoksidaan = zat pengoksidasi
agen penurunan = zat pereduksi
air liat = air sadah
ampaian = suspensi
bes = basa

campuran mesra = campuran homogen
campuran tak sekata = campuran heterogen
formula am = rumus umum
formula mudah = rumus empiris

gangsa = perunggu
gas adi = gas mulia
gas asli = gas alam
gas unggul = gas ideal
gelang benzena = cincin benzena
getah tiruan = karet sintetis
haba = kalor
haba tindakbalas = kalor reaksi
hasil darab keterlarutan = hasil kali kelarutan
hukum keabadian jisim = hukum kekekalan massa
jadual berkala = sistem periodik
kadar tindakbalas = laju reaksi
kakisan = korosi
keluli = baja
kepekatan = konsentrasi
kesan ion sepunya = pengaruh ion sejenis
kontang = anhidrat
kumpulan alkali bumi = golongan alkali tanah
larutan muak (tepu) = larutan jenuh
loyang = kuningan
mangkin = katalis
nombor pengoksidaan = bilangan oksidasi
pemendakan = pengendapan
pempolimeran penambahan = polimerisasi adisi
penapaian = peragian, fermentasi
penceraian = penguraian, disosiasi
pengimbangan tindakbalas = penyetaraan reaksi
penimbal = penyangga, buffer
penukargantian = substitusi
penunjuk = indikator
penunu Bunsen = pembakar Bunsen
penurunan = reduksi
penyingkiran = eliminasi
penyiringan = dekantasi
perendahan takat beku = penurunan titik beku
sebatian = senyawa
sebatian berkutub = senyawa polar
tatarajah elekron = konfigurasi elektron
tepu, muak = jenuh
tertib tindakbalas = orde reaksi
teruja = tereksitasi
tindakbalas = reaksi
unsur peralihan = unsur transisi
unsur wakilan = unsur utama
zarah asas = partikel dasar

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ETIMOLOGI UNSUR-UNSUR KIMIA

Sebaiknya kita mengenal sejarah, bagaimana pemberian nama untuk unsur-unsur kimia yang ada di alam. Bagian ini akan memberikan informasi etimologi dari beberapa unsur kimia yang sering kita jumpai .
Hidrogen, H (Yunani: hydor = air; genes = pembentuk}
Helium, He (Yunani: helios = matahari)
Karbon, C (Latin: carbo = batubara)

Litium , Li (Yunani: lithos = batu)
Berilium, Be (Latin: beryl = manis)
Boron, B (Arab: buraq = jernih)
Nitrogen, N (Yunani: nitron = basa; genes = pembentuk)
Oksigen, O (Yunani: oxys = asam; genes = pembentuk)
Fluor, F (Latin: fluere = mengalir)
Neon, Ne (Yunani: neos = baru)

Natrium, Na (Latin: natri = basa)
Magnesium, Mg (Magnesia, daerah di Yunani)
Aluminium, Al (Latin: alum = pahit)
Silikon, Si (Latin: silex = batu api)
Fosfor, P (Yunani: phosphoros = pembawa cahaya)
Belerang, S (Latin: sulphur = belerang)
Klor, Cl (Yunani: chloros = hijau)
Argon, Ar (Yunani: argos = malas)
Kalium, K (Arab: qali = abu)
Kalsium, Ca (Latin: calx = kapur)

Skandium, Sc (Skandinavia)
Titanium, Ti (Yunani: titan = besar tubuh, raksasa)
Vanadium, V (Vanadis, dewi cinta Skandinavia)
Krom, Cr (Yunani: chroma = warna)
Mangan, Mn (Latin: magnes = bermagnet)
Besi, Fe (Latin: ferrum = besi)
Kobal, Co (Jerman: kobold = ruh jahat)
Nikel, Ni (Jerman: kupfernickel = tembaga palsu)
Tembaga, Cu (Yunani: Kypros = Siprus)
Seng, Zn (Jerman: zink = seng)

Galium, Ga (Latin: Gallia = Perancis)
Germanium, Ge (Latin: Germania = Jerman)
Arsen, As (Arab: az-zirnikh = kuning emas)
Selenium, Se (Yunani: selene = bulan)
Brom, Br (Yunani: bromos = pesing)
Kripton, Kr (Yunani: kryptos = tersembunyi)
Rubidium, Rb (Latin: rubidus = merah)
Strontium, Sr (Strontian, daerah di Skotlandia)
Itrium, Y (Ytterby, daerah di Swedia)
Zirkonium, Zr (Arab: zarqun = kemilau)

Niobium, Nb (Niobe, dewi Yunani)
Molibdenium, Mo (Yunani: molybdos = timbal)
Teknesium, Tc (Yunani: technetos = buatan)
Rutenium, Ru (Latin: Ruthenia = Rusia)
Rodium, Rh (Yunani: rhodos = merah jambu)
Paladium, Pd (Asteroid Pallas)
Perak, Ag (Latin: argentum = perak)
Kadmium, Cd (Kadmos, raja Thebe di Yunani)
Indium, In (Latin: indicum = nila)
Timah, Sn (Latin: stannum = timah)

Antimon, Sb (Yunani: stibi = cincin)
Telurium, Te (Latin: tellus = tanah)
Iodium, I (Yunani: iodes = ungu)
Xenon, Xe (Yunani: xenos = asing)
Sesium, Cs (Latin: caesius = biru)
Barium, Ba (Yunani: baros = berat)
Lantanum, La (Yunani: lanthanein = tercecer)
Serium, Ce (Asteroid Ceres)
Praseodimium, Pr (Yunani: praseos = hijau tua; dymos = kembar)
Neodimium, Nd (Yunani: neos = baru; dymos = kembar)

Prometium, Pm (Prometheos, tokoh mitos Yunani)
Samarium, Sm (Kolonel Samarski, ahli tambang Rusia)
Eropium, Eu (Benua Eropa)
Gadolinium, Gd (Johan Gadolin, 1760-1852, orang Finlandia)
Terbium, Tb (Ytterby, daerah di Swedia)
Disprosium, Dy (Yunani: dysprositos = sukar didapat)
Holmium, Ho (Latin: Holmia = Stockholm)
Erbium, Er (Ytterby, daerah di Swedia)
Tulium, Tm (Yunani: Thule = Swedia)
Iterbium, Yb (Ytterby, daerah di Swedia)

Lutetium, Lu (Latin: Lutetia = Paris)
Hafnium, Hf (Latin: Hafnia = Kopenhagen)
Tantalum, Ta (Tantalus, dewa Yunani)
Wolfram, W (Jerman: wolfram = batu berat)
Renium, Re (Latin: Rhenus = Sungai Rhine)
Osmium, Os (Yunani: osme = bau)
Iridium, Ir (Latin: iris = pelangi)
Platina, Pt (Spanyol: platina = perak kecil)
Emas, Au (Latin: aurora = fajar)
Raksa, Hg (Yunani: hydrargyre = air perak)

Talium, Tl (Yunani: thallos = hijau muda)
Timbal, Pb (Latin: plumbum = timbal)
Bismut, Bi (Arab: bismuth = cerah)
Polonium, Po (Latin: Polonia = Polandia)
Astatin, At (Yunani: astatos = tidak tetap)
Radon, Rn (Latin: radius = sinar)
Fransium, Fr (Perancis)
Radium, Ra (Latin: radius = sinar)
Aktinium, Ac (Yunani: aktis = sinar)
Torium, Th (Thor, dewa Skandinavia)

Protaktinium, Pa (Yunani: pertama menjadi aktinium)
Uranium, U (Planet Uranus)
Neptunium, Np (Planet Neptunus)
Plutonium, Pu (Planet Pluto)
Amerisium, Am (Benua Amerika)
Kurium, Cm (Marie Sklodowska Curie, 1867-1934)
Berkelium, Bk (Berkeley di Amerika Serikat)
Kalifornium, Cf (California di Amerika Serikat)
Einsteinium, Es (Albert Einstein, 1879-1955)
Fermium, Fm (Enrico Fermi, 1901-1954)

Mendelevium, Md (Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyef, 1834-1907)
Nobelium, No (Alfred Bernhard Nobel, 1833-1896)
Lawrensium, Lr (Ernest Orlando Lawrence, 1901-1958)
Ruterfordium, Rf (Ernest Rutherford, 1871-1937)
Dubnium, Db (Dubna di Rusia)
Seaborgium, Sg (Glenn Theodore Seaborg, 1912-1999)
Bohrium, Bh (Niels Henry David Bohr, 1885-1962)
Hassium, Hs (Hasse di Jerman)
Meitnerium, Mt (Lise Meitner, 1878-1968)
Darmstadtium, Ds (Darmstadt di Jerman)

Rontgenium, Rg (Wilhelm Konrad Rontgen, 1845-1923)

Catatan:
IUPAC menetapkan bahwa sejak unsur nomor atom 96, nama unsur mengabadikan nama ilmuwan atau nama tempat penelitian unsur.
Unsur-unsur ununbium (112, Uub), ununtrium (113, Uut), ununquadium (114, Uuq), ununpentium (115, Uup), dan ununhexium (116, Uuh) sudah berhasil disintesis, tapi belum diberi nama resmi oleh IUPAC.

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The Periodic Table

Select the elements you wish to work with in the PERIODIC TABLE window by clicking individual element buttons or labeled buttons that select categories of elements.
To make a graph, in the GRAPH window, select the property you wish to plot on the x–axis from the X menu and the property you wish to plot on the y–axis from the Y menu. The graph appears automatically.

To use the sorting table, in the TABLE window, select the properties that interest you from the TABLE FIELDS menu. You can select up to 3 properties. Click a column header to sort the information by the data in that column.
Detailed information about each of the windows and the options and features they contain is found below.

PERIODIC TABLE Window
The PERIODIC TABLE window, located in the upper left corner of the browser window, is the heart of the applet. It is illustrated in Figure 2.1. Only data for the elements selected in the PERIODIC TABLE window are displayed in the GRAPH and TABLE windows. The PERIODIC TABLE window contains a standard periodic table (elements 1 through 112), as well as buttons that can be used to select or deselect elements. Elements can also be selected or deselected by performing a search in the GRAPH and TABLE windows. See the sections of the documentation on Searching in the GRAPH or TABLE window for more information.
Figure 2.1 – The PERIODIC TABLE window is used to select elements used in the TABLE and GRAPH windows.The elements Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br and Kr are selected and all other elements are deselected.
Each element in the periodic table is a button. Clicking one of these buttons will select or deselect the element. When the applet starts, all elements are selected (see Fig. 1.1).
Buttons for selected elements appear darker than those of deselected elements. In the Figure 2.1, the elements Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br and Kr are selected and all other elements are deselected.
An element’s name and atomic number can be displayed in a pop–up label by positioning the mouse cursor over the element button. The pop-up label for germanium (Ge) is displayed in Figure 2.1.
All of the other buttons in the PERIODIC TABLE window are used to select or deselect categories of elements. On the left–hand side of each period (row) in the periodic table is a numbered button that will either select or deselect all of the elements in that period. Similarly, at the top of each group (column), there is a numbered button that will either select or deselect all of the elements in that group. The buttons labeled MAIN GROUP ELEMENTS, TRANSITION METALS, and INNER TRANSITION METALS select or deselect the corresponding elements. If none or only some of the elements in a category are selected, are selected, clicking one of these buttons selects all of the elements in the category. Only if all of the elements in that category are already selected will clicking one of these buttons result in deselecting the elements.
The toolbar at the top of the PERIODIC TABLE window contains five additional buttons. These buttons can be used to select all of the elements in the periodic table (Select All), deselect all of the elements (Deselect All), select all of the metals (Select Metals), select all of the non-metals (Select Non-Metals ), and select all of the semi–metals (Select Semi–Metals).

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